ۼ : 06-11-23 13:58
۾ :
ȸ : 10,245
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- ý ̰ ִ°?
1. ý ؼ Ȯ ˰
̸ ڶ? - free Ͽ
㿡 ڰ ִµ 繫ǿ ϰ ȭ Դ. û Ʈ ٴ ̴. ΰ Ͼ ǻ ״. ؼ Ѵ. ؾұ? ý ִ ãƾѴ. ¿ ؾѴ. ý ڶ Ͼ ̴. ý ù ÿ ý ¸ ľϰ ϴ ۾̴. ľϰ ־ϴµ ֱ ý س ϰ ؼѴٸ ٸ ʷ ִ.
ѹ . ϱ free Ѵ. free ߸ ϴ 찡 ڵ . Ʒ . 512M ý̴.
$ free
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 513368 503180 10188 0 3772 332740
-/+ buffers/cache: 166668 346700
Swap: 1028152 84908 943244
̻ϰ ͵ µ 513M ϴ 503M̴. ƹ ýۿ 峪ؼ ߴµ κ used ƸԴ´. ڴ 512M ߰Ű. ƴ϶ ִ Ȳ̴.
ũ д ؼ . ؼ ls ɾ ũ о Ѵٸ ý ӵ ̴. ⼭ ls ý ڿ û ƸԴ α̶ ̴. ̷ ũ ѹ о Ⱓ ϰ ִٸ ó ӵ Ŀ ̴. ̰ ũ ۸̶ ϸ ̷ Ǵ ij̴.**1 ( ij ۸ϴ ƴϰ ũ ۸Ѵ. ̽ ̹ ϴ ۸ ִ ̴) ij ũⰡ Ǿ ִٸ ũⰡ ʹ Ŀ ̰ ģ ϰ ؼ ý ɼ ũ. ڵ ij Ͽ ȿ ̰ α ʿ ϴ 쿡 ڵ ij ũ⸦ δ. ٸ 밡 free+buffers+cached ̴. -/+ buffers/cache: ̷ ݿϰ ִ. Ϲ ý۰ õ κп Ͽ ̷ ã ߴ. ü Ŀ ؼ ٸ м ִ ̴. ƴ ̶ ߿ ־ ϴ ?
2. ý ã
ý ý ڿ α û Ͽ ȿ ϴ° ִ. ó ͳ ȭ Ȳ Ʈũ ߿ κ̱ Ϲ ɿ ߿ ý ڿ CPU, , ũ ̴. κе ߽ ɿ ̸ ý мϴ ߿ϴ. ýۿ ٸ غ
CPU - top, ps, uptime, vmstat, pstree
- free, vmstat
ٸ ũ I/O - df, du, Ÿ
ũ µ ýۿ CPU 忡 ɼ ũ
Ʈ - netstat, ping, traceroute, tcpdump
3.
ý ۵ϰ ξ ýۿ ó ִ. Ʒ Ͽ ֱ ý Ƶ.
ֿ ڵ ٴ Ǹ Ѵ. ý ֵ Ѵ.
ý accounting α ̿Ѵ. ýۿ CPU, I/O, α ˰ ־Ѵ. (**2)
$ sa
75563 169479.02re 510.44cp 0avio 506k
14056 450.37re 448.85cp 0avio 497k webalizer
361 91931.12re 37.86cp 0avio 1355k httpd*
275 7.50re 5.38cp 0avio 402k gawk
14056 455.55re 4.95cp 0avio 438k weblog
14226 588.92re 2.57cp 0avio 437k sh
11 18.88re 2.45cp 0avio 332k slocate
162 670.85re 1.46cp 0avio 666k in.telnetd
2298 45.83re 1.09cp 0avio 2858k mysqld*
325 0.86re 0.76cp 0avio 642k ps
358 1185.61re 0.66cp 0avio 454k bash
1419 0.48re 0.47cp 0avio 283k rmmod
accounting
vmstat α ̿ I/O лǾִ, CPU ۵ ʰ ð(idle) , ϰ ɸ ϰ ִ ȮѴ.
ֱ ý Ȳ ڵ ϴ ؼ ° ¿ ̴.
4. ó
ý ۵ϰ ϰ м ξٸ, ڰ ϰų ʴ ý ִ. ýۿ Ͽ 쿡 ó ؾ ұ?
α ϰ ϰ ִ°? ýۿ ֿϰ ϴ ΰ? NFS Ͽ Ѵٸ Ʈ ° κ̶ ִ. Ѵٸ ý ü ϰ ƴ϶ Ʈ ȸ ӵ ɼ ִ.
uptime ̿Ͽ ý ϸ ȮѴ. ý ϰ ̰ ְ ġ ۵ϴ Ȯ Ѵ. ð뿡 ϹǷ S · ý ϰ ȭ ̴. ִ ð ƴѵ ý ϰ ٸ ʿ α 鼭 ý ڿ Һ ɼ ְ DOS ް ɼ ũ.
$ uptime
9:23pm up 61 days, 5:23, 1 user, load average: 0.02, 0.05, 0.00
ps top ȰѴ.
- ũ ¡ ٸ ̴ μ ִ°? ٸ I/O . μ ´ ͷƮ ͷƮ ΰ ° ִ. ٸų ְ DZ ٸ ó ڿ ٸ Ϲ ´ 밳 ͷƮ ó ϴ. (ͷƮ Ǵ sleep ´ ps,top S Ÿ.) ͷƮ Ǵ ´ Ͽ о̴ Ͱ Ӱ ġ⸦ ٸ ִ ̴. μ ¿ D uninterruptible sleepμ page fault ǹϸ page fault I/O ¸ Ÿ. W has no resident pages ǹϸ μ Ҿƿ ¸ Ÿ. (W Ŀ μ ؼ Ȯ ʴ´.
- CPU ϴ μ ã ϸ л۵ ̴.
$ ps auxw
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.0 1120 68 ? S Jun17 0:06 init [3]
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SW Jun17 0:00 [keventd]
root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SW Jun17 0:00 [kswapd]
root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SW Jun17 0:00 [kreclaimd]
root 5 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SW Jun17 0:32 [bdflush]
root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SW Jun17 0:02 [kupdated]
root 351 0.0 0.0 1164 284 ? S Jun17 0:01 syslogd -m 0
root 360 0.0 0.0 1728 356 ? S Jun17 0:00 klogd
root 388 0.0 0.0 1156 220 ? S Jun17 0:00 inetd
root 402 0.0 0.2 3824 1452 ? S Jun17 3:09 /usr/sbin/snmpd
named 416 0.0 0.3 3376 1904 ? S Jun17 0:27 named -u named
$ top
7:34pm up 14:19, 3 users, load average: 1.20, 0.54, 0.20
57 processes: 53 sleeping, 4 running, 0 zombie, 0 stopped
CPU states: 94.6% user, 5.3% system, 0.0% nice, 0.0% idle
Mem: 513368K av, 321260K used, 192108K free, 0K shrd, 9208K buff
Swap: 1028152K av, 115000K used, 913152K free 270924K cached
PID USER PRI NI SIZE RSS SHARE STAT LIB %CPU %MEM TIME COMMAND
12436 root 20 0 6428 6428 1564 R 0 13.1 1.2 0:00 cc1
3570 nobody 12 0 11148 6140 5016 R 0 2.5 1.1 0:09 httpd
12435 root 8 0 1528 1528 388 S 0 1.3 0.2 0:00 cpp
4185 root 9 0 512 328 312 S 0 0.3 0.0 0:01 sshd2
11364 taejun 10 0 876 876 680 R 0 0.3 0.1 0:00 top
1 root 8 0 120 68 68 S 0 0.0 0.0 0:04 init
2 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0 0.0 0.0 0:00 keventd
3 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0 0.0 0.0 0:03 kswapd
4 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0 0.0 0.0 0:00 kreclaimd
5 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0 0.0 0.0 0:01 bdflush
6 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0 0.0 0.0 0:00 kupdated
348 root 9 0 208 156 156 S 0 0.0 0.0 0:00 syslogd
357 root 9 0 608 4 4 S 0 0.0 0.0 0:00 klogd
371 root 8 0 180 124 120 S 0 0.0 0.0 0:00 crond
vmstat ̿Ѵ. (vmstat 5 5)
$ vmstat 5 5
procs memory swap io system cpu
r b w swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id
3 0 0 115000 189428 9220 272608 1 28 10 36 108 25 2 0 98
1 0 0 115000 189972 9220 272680 0 0 0 205 196 416 95 5 0
1 0 0 115000 187060 9220 272740 0 0 0 157 156 229 95 5 0
2 0 0 115000 194852 9220 272856 0 0 0 149 142 229 96 4 0
- vmstat ù ° ġ ġ ִµ ̰ ؾ Ѵ. ° ٺ ȴ.
- cpu ýۿ ϴ cpuð ġ ٸ(50% ̻) ũ I/O ɼ ũ. ش α ҽڵ带 ִٸ α ȿ I/O ϴ Ȯ ƾ Ѵ. vmstat sy system time ǹϸ Ŀθ Ѿ ̴.
- ý ü ϰ cpu ð(idle time, id ) Ϲ 10% Ѵ´ٸ I/O ɼ ũ.
- ð 0̶ CPU ϰ 100% ϰ ִ ̴. CPU ִ Ȱϴ ̴. 100% ٻ ¶ ۾ ǰ ִٴ ̸ CPU ϸ ǹѴ. CPU ϰ ִ μ ãƾѴ.
- ũ Ȱ л ʾҴٸ, I/O ۾ ȿ лѾѴ. vmstat ̿ ʴ´. ٸ н 쿡 iostat sar ̿ϴµ ͳݿ Ű Ƽ ġ ִ. ̷ α sysstat sar, iostat Ű̴. Ʈ ּҴ . (ֱ ִ)
http://perso.wanadoo.fr/sebastien.godard/
Ʒ HDD Ǿ ִ ý ¸ ش.
$ iostat
Linux 2.4.4 (tunelinux.pe.kr) 07/08/01
avg-cpu: %user %nice %sys %idle
5.55 0.00 1.20 93.26
Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn
dev8-0 6.06 9.49 102.23 50185324 540747898
dev8-1 1.99 1.51 25.05 7964700 132509976
شϴ I/O Ʃ ʿ䰡 ٰ м Ǹ CPUʿ ϰ ɸ ̴. CPU ó ִ CPU ϴ I/O ãƳ κ̴.
CPU ϸ ؼ Ѵ.
- ʿ δ. rwhod routed ý ϴ α ̸ ִ ̴. kudzu, portmap, nfslock, apmd, random, netfs, identd, atd, pcmcia, lpd, sendmail, gpm, xfs, linuxconf ʿϴٸ ʾƵ ̴. cpu ϸ Ӹ ƴ϶ ʿ . ⼭ ߸ ϱ sendmail κ̴. pine ̿Ͽ ̿ ʴ´. ۾ ۵Ű ܺηκ µ ִ. Ƿ Ϲ ϼ ʰ ̶ sendmail ų ʿ䰡 . (**3)
- at̳ cron ̿ ۾ ̳ ý ϰ ϴ ͵ ̴. α ̼, , αм ð ̿Ͽ óϴ° ٶϸ ⺻Ǿ ִ cron ۾ κ 4ÿ ȴ.
- CPU ۾ nice ̿ 켱 ߸ ۾ ȣȭ ۾ ̴.
- cpu ۾ 켱 ̸ ۾ ü ȣȭ ۾ ̴. Ϲ ͳ Ѵٸ CPU ۾ ƴϸ ѵ ʴ ۾̶ ٸ ý ̿ϴ . α м ̷ 쿡 Ѵ.
- nice ̿ϴ° ӽù ̴. ϰ Ѵٸ nice ̿ϴ Ϳ Ѱ谡 ִ. ý ̵ϰų ϸ л ý ؾѴ.
- Ŀ̳ α ϴ 쿡 nice ̿ϸ ̳ ӵ ִ. nice ߸ ϸ ؾ Ѵ. Ŭ Ŭ μ μ 켱 ؾ Ѵ. 谡 Ǿ ֱ ̴. 켱 ð ġ ʴ ȿ ʷ ִ. log write process(LGWR) 켱 ο , μ Ƚŭ ۵ ϰ LGWR Ű ȴ. ٸ , LGWR 켱 οް Ǹ, μ ð ô ̴. ̵ ׳ ϴ° ƴ϶ ϰ ɽ ؾ Ѵ. (**4)
5. ľϱ
ýۿ ϰ ɷִµ Ⱓ(idle time) ų ps ʿ ϴ α ǰ ִٸ ִ.
vmstat 5 غ.
- swap-out Ѵٸ ̴. ֱ swap-outs ϴ° ̴. BSD ýۿ ȣȭ ۾ ҾƿѴ. ϰ ִ α Ҿƿ Ѵٸ α ɰϰ ϴٴ° Ų. Ҿƿʵ(so) 0 Ѵ. ʴٸ μ鰣 Ͽ ϰ ý ¡ ¿ ִ. ¡ Ȱ ɰ (free) δ ý CPU ð (sy) ִ. μ ̹(text) page-in ؾ ϹǷ page-in ڰ ɰ ƴ϶ ϰ ־ Ѵ.
- ps accounting ýۿ ۾ ִ Ȯ Ѵ. RSSʵ峪 storage integral ū α ãƺ. ps top RSS μ ũ kbytes ش. ELF μ ̺귯 ȴ. storage integral accounting Ű ִ sa -K ɼ ̿ ִ.
ذ ãƺ.
- ýۿ ij ִٸ ũ⸦ δ. ũ I/Oɿ ִ. /proc ̿ ü ij 뷮 ִ. ̿ ؼ ٷڴ.
- Ʈũ ۸ δ. Ŭ̾Ʈ Ǵ ƴ϶ ۶ Ʈũ ۿ Ѵ. OS ũ Ʈũ ۸ ־ ʰ ʿ ۸ ٸ ۾ ߴܵ ʴ · Ŭ̾Ʈ ó ִ. ۽ ߴܵǴ Ŭ̾Ʈ ϰ ִ Ʈũ ۴ Ǵ ֿ ϳ̴. ġ SendBufferSize ڰ ־ ü Ǿ ִ TCP ۸ ø ִ. ڵ ʿ κп Ͽ ڼ Ұ ڷḦ ã ߴ. Ȯ ϰ ִ κ ɱϿ Ѵ. (**5)
- Ŀ ̺ ũ⸦ δ. ̸ ý ڿ ִ. , μ شѴ. ü ̿ õ ̸ ŭ Ŀ ̺ ũⰡ þ ŭ ϰ ȴ.
- ʿ ϴ α 㿡 .
- ʿ ϴ α ġ ť ̿ ۾. at, cron Ȱ
- ڱ⸸ ϴ α̶ α ȿ ϴ .
- 䱸 ̱ . ټ μ ϰ ϴ ȿ Ѵ. Ư ϴ ּҰ ش α 纻 ° ƴ϶ ϳ 纻 μ װ ִ. ̺귯 μ ڵ带 ϴ ǥ ̴. ̺귯 ϴ ְ α ϴ . Mysql -static ʰ ũϸ 뷫 13% ӵ ٰ Ѵ. (**6)
- sendmail ϴ α sendmail ϴµ Ǵ ð . ƴϸ Ʈ 籸ؼ ϼ ٸ ý ű ִ. ߴ 쿡 sendmail ϸ ȴ.
- ̸(Emacs) ϴ α vi ٸ .
- ȵǸ . ϵ 1G Ư ý ƴ Ȳ̴. α 䱸ϴ ⺻ 絵 Ŀ.
6. ũ I/O ľϱ
ýۿ ϰ ɷִµ Ⱓ(idle time) ٸ ũ I/O ִ. I/O Ǿִ.
vmstat 5 Ѵ. ̰ ý Ȳ غ. 캸 ũ ?
ũ Ȱ ý ũ лǾִ°? iostat ̿Ͽ ϸ ̴.
ʴٸ Ȱ ũ ũΰ?
ũ Ȱ ũ Ư ߵǾִ°? ũ Ǿִ°? ƴϸ ٸ ݴ ִ°?
NFS ϰ ִ°? ڵ ڽ Ͽ ϴµ ӵ ٰ ϴ°? Ͻý ϴ°? Ͻý ϸ Ʈ Ȳ ؼ 캸. ̰쿡 ũ I/O ƴϴ.
vmstat ̿ Ȳ 캸. ýۿ ¡̳ Ͼ ִٸ, ̰ ũ I/O ɰ ʷ ִ. 캸ƾѴ.
̿ ذå ãƺ.
Ͻý 籸ϰ I/O۾ лŲ.
Ʈ Ͻýۿ ũ ̺ Ʈѷ Ѵ. Ʈ ý κ I/O۾ Ѵ. Ư ߿ϴٸ ߿ ϳ Ͻýۿ ְ Ͻýۿ ̺긦 Ѵ.
ս ߿ ũⰡ ū Ͻýۿ ִ´. ũ 1024, 2048, 4096̴. Ͻý ؾ Ѵ. ũ⸦ ̸ ־ ʿϰ Ǵ ϵũ þ.
ij ũ⸦ ø. ִ.
ȭ ϱ ֱ Ͻý 籸Ѵ.
ϴ Ͻý ۺκп ߽Ű α Ҽ ִ.
ü Ʃ ִ о߰ I/O κ̴. I/O ϵũ ӵӸ ƴ϶ ý ִ ҿ Բ ¿찡 ȴ. ַ ϴ x86 迭 ϵ Ÿ н ýۿ ϸ I/O õǾ ̾ ̴. ī 64Ʈ Ѿ 128Ʈ ü Ǿ PCI 32Ʈ ü踦 ִ. PC 32Ʈ CPU ǰ ְ κи 64Ʈ ϰ ̴. (** 7) PC ϹȭǸ鼭 н ־ ɵ Ӽ Եǰ ε ȴ. ̾߱⸦ ڸ ũ I/O ӵ RAID ְ Ʈ Ʈ ̵嵵 ǰ ִ. θ ý ֱٺ DZ Ͽ Ͻý Ἲ Ӱ Ҿ ӵ ǰ ִ. ϴ θ ýδ reiserfs, SGI XFS ִ. (**8)
ũ 뷮 ִ. Ͻýۿ Ѱ? ٸ غ.
ʿ cron ̿ . ھ , , auto-save .
ũ ̿ ũ 뷮 ִ.
ſ ִ Ͻýۿ Ѵ. (ҽ ڵ, Ÿ )
/tmp, /var/tmp ӽ ǰ man ӽϵ ȴ. ̿ ó 迭/etc/cron.daily/tmpwatch ̿Ͽ óѴ. 3忡 ٽ Ұ ̴.
7. Ʈ
Ʈ
rlogin̳ NFS ̿Ͽ Ͽ ϴ ڰ ٰ ٸ ̴ Ʈ 뷮̳ ռ ִ.
netstat -i . 浹(collison) ũ Ʈ 尡 ɷȴٰ ִ. 浹 ifconfig -a ̿ؼ (collisons/TX packets) X 100 ϸ ´. input̳ output ٸ ϵ ִ. Է¿ ٸ Ʈ Ư ɼ ũ ¿ ٸ ý۰ Ʈ ̽ ɼ ũ.
浹̳ Ʈ ϵ ƴ϶, ý ãƾѴ. dropped Ŷ ũٸ, ý Ƹ ڷῡ ̴. ýۿ cpu, , ũ I/O ִ Ȯ. װ ƴ϶ ý Ʈ Ͽ ߵ ̴. Ʈ ٽ 籸ϰ ý .
⺻ Ʈ ping ϸ Ʈũ ӿ Ѵٸ ifconfig, arp, netsta ̿ϰ Ʈũ ϵ ƾ Ѵ.
# ifconfig -i
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:01:02:26:BD:CE
inet addr:211.111.111.111 Bcast:211.50.6.255 Mask:255.255.255.192
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:346297 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:346683 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
Interrupt:10 Base address:0xd000
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:7745 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:7745 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
# netstat -i
Kernel Interface table
Iface MTU Met RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg
eth0 1500 0 349675 0 0 0 350447 0 0 0 BRU
lo 16436 0 7825 0 0 0 7825 0 0 0 LRU
Ʈ ̴ (**9)
ڰ Ʈ I/O α ʵ . grep α I/O α ǥ ̴. Ʈ αؼ ۾.
Ʈ ǻͿ ũ 籸ؼ ڰ ýۿ ۾ ϵ .
ũ ũ̼ ڸ δ. ϴٸ ̷ ũ̼ Ѵ.
پ Ʈ ý ϼ Ѵ.
浹 ̱ ؼ Ʈũ Ʈ ƮȾ ٿ ϸ ̴ и ִ.
ռ ִٸ ذå ִ ϵ ãƼ ٲٴ ̴. Ʈ м ̷ ۾ ϴµ ݵ ʿ ̴.
8. ġ
̹ ǿ ý ȭ غ ܰ μ, , I/O κ ߽ ý ¸ ϰ ߰Ͽ ذ ִ Ͽ Ͽ. ߿ ý ϴ Ͱ Ҿ Ͽ Ȯϰ ظ ؾ Ѵٴ ̴. ̿ ؼ free Ͽ. ֱ ý Ͽ ľϰ ־ ϰ Ȳ CPU, , I/Oκ ؾ Ѵ. |
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